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Fidelia Ann Hoscott Smith Fielding (1827–1908), also known as Dji'ts Bud dnaca ('Flying Bird'), was the daughter of Bartholomew Valentine Smith (c. 1811–1843) and Sarah A. Wyyougs (1804–1868), and granddaughter of Martha Shantup Uncas (1761–1859).^[1]

She married Mohegan mariner William H. Fielding (1811–1843), and they lived in one of the last 'tribe houses,' a reservation-era log cabin dwelling. She was known to be an independent-minded woman who was well-versed in tribal traditions, and who continued to speak the traditional Mohegan Pequot language during her elder years.^[2]

Mohegan language[edit]

Fielding insisted upon retaining the everyday use of the Mohegan language during an era when most New England Native peoples were becoming increasingly fluent in English. Her maternal grandmother Martha Uncas spoke it with family members, and other Mohegan people continued to speak and understand some of the language, but by 1900, few were as fluent as Fidelia and her sister. As an adult, Fielding kept four diaries in the language, which later became vital sources for reconstructing the syntax of Mohegan Pequot and related Algonquian languages.

Fielding was regarded as a nanu (respected elder woman) and mentor to Gladys Tantaquidgeon, a traditional Mohegan woman who also studied anthropology at the University of Pennsylvania and served as a research assistant to Frank Speck. Tantaquidgeon conducted field work and service work for a variety of Native communities and agencies before coming home to Uncasville. In Uncasville, Gladys and her family founded the Tantaquidgeon Indian Museum, and she became a respected elder herself, working on material and cultural preservation.^[3]

Many modern sources suggest that anthropologist Frank G. Speck, as a child, lived with Fidelia Fielding, but there is no evidence to support that in any Mohegan tribal records or oral memories. Speck recalled, in his own publications and correspondence, that he first met Fielding around 1900, when he was an anthropology student at Columbia University. Speck was in the midst of a camping trip to Fort Shantok, Connecticut, when he met up with several Mohegan young men---Burrill Tantaquidgeon, Jerome Roscoe Skeesucks, and Edwin Fowler---who introduced him to Fielding. This encounter sparked a lifelong friendship with the Tantaquidgeon family. Speck interviewed Fielding, recording notes on the Mohegan language that he shared with his professor, John Dyneley Prince, who encouraged further research. Fielding eventually allowed Speck to view her personal daybooks (also called diaries) in which she recorded brief observations on the weather and local events, so that he could understand and accurately record the written version of the Mohegan language.

This material that Speck collected from Fielding inspired four publications in 1903 alone: “The Remnants of our Eastern Indian Tribes” in The American Inventor, Vol. 10, pp. 266–268; “A Mohegan-Pequot Witchcraft Tale” in Journal of American Folklore, Vol. 16, pp. 104–107; “The Last of the Mohegans” in The Papoose Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 2–5; and “Mohegan Traditions of ‘Muhkeahweesug,’ the Little Men” in The Papoose No . 7, pp. 11–14. Speck also co-authored a 1904 article with J. Dyneley Prince, “The Modem Pequots and their Language” in American Anthropologist, n. s., Vol. V pp. 193–212.

In 1908, after Fielding's death, her relative John Cooper gave her diaries to Frank Speck for safekeeping. Speck later deposited them in George Gustav Heye's Heye Foundation/Museum of the American Indian in New York City. These documents were later relocated, as part of the Huntington collection, to the Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections at Cornell University. Fielding's papers were repatriated to the Mohegan Tribe on November 4, 2020 and currently reside at the Mohegan Archives.^[4]

Legacy and honors[edit]

Fidelia Hoscott Fielding died in 1908, and was buried at the Ancient Burial Grounds of the Mohegans at Fort Shantok State Park in Montville, Connecticut. A memorial marker was placed there to honor her, at a ceremony with an estimated 1,000 people in attendance on May 24, 1936.^[5]

Credited with being an instrumental influence in recording and preserving the language, in 1994 she was posthumously inducted into the Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame under the category Education & Preservation.^[5] Fielding is one of only three American Indians who have been inducted into the Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame. Years later, Gladys Tantaquidgeon, a Mohegan woman trained by Fielding who similarly insisted on preserving traditional ways, was also inducted into the Hall of Fame.^[1]

During Fielding's lifetime, parents were reluctant to use or teach the Mohegan language to their children, for fear of prejudice or reprisals from the English speakers around them. In the present day, linguists from the Mohegan Language Project, including Fidelia Fielding's relative Stephanie Fielding, have been carefully working with materials compiled and archived by Fielding and Speck in order to reconstruct and reanimate Mohegan-Pequot as a living language for new generations.^[5]

References[edit]

1. ^ ^abBiographical information for Smith, Fidelia Ann Hoscott, 1827–1908. Yale Indian Papers Project, Yale University (2015).
2. ^Fidelia Fielding (1827-1908). Our History, The Mohegan Tribe, Uncasville, Connecticut (2015).
3. ^Fawcett, Melissa Jayne. Medicine Trail: The Life and Lessons of Gladys Tantaquidgeon
4. ^Malerba, Lynn; Tantaquidgeon Zobel, Melissa; Evangelestia-Dougherty, Tamar (2021-03-04). 'Mohegan Tribe, Cornell Partner to Repatriate Fidelia Fielding Diaries'. Library Journal. Retrieved 2021-03-10.
5. ^ ^abc'Fidelia Hoscott Fielding'. Inductees. Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame. Retrieved 21 February 2013.

First single woman missionary in Persia and founder of the Nestorian Female Seminary

As a precocious and devout child in rural Massachusetts, Fiske read Timothy Dwight’s Theology at age eight. A Congregationalist, she pursued the best education available to girls and was one of the first pupils at Mount Holyoke Seminary, the first woman’s college in America. Upon graduation, she became a teacher at Mount Holyoke and was known for bringing her pupils to Christ. Fiske secretly longed to be a missionary, as her uncle Pliny Fisk had been one of the first American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM) missionaries to the Holy Land. In 1843 ABCFM missionary Justin Perkins visited the seminary and requested two single women to pursue educational work among Nestorian girls. Fiske was chosen from the volunteers and she embarked that year, the first of many unmarried women missionaries educated at Mount Holyoke.

Fiske opened a boarding school for girls at Urmia that she sought to manage along “Mount Holyoke principles.” The purpose of the seminary was to make Nestorian girls better wives and mothers and to revive their Christian faith. During her 15 years at Urmia, Fiske led numerous revivals that converted approximately two-thirds of her students. Rufus Anderson, whose vernacular policies she supported, compared her to Jesus Christ in spirituality. During school vacations, she visited former pupils in their homes and held women’s meetings, encouraging former pupils to evangelize other women. In 1858 she returned to Massachusetts in hopes of regaining her health. She spoke about missions to women’s groups and prepared the memorial volume for the twenty-fifth anniversary of Mount Holyoke, after turning down an offer to be its principal. She edited Recollections of Mary Lyon, which was published posthumously. Fiske was probably the best-known female ABCFM missionary of her generation.

Dana L. Robert, “Fiske, Fidelia,” in Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions, ed. Gerald H. Anderson (New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 1998), 213.

This article is reprinted from Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions, Macmillan Reference USA, copyright © 1998 Gerald H. Anderson, by permission of Macmillan Reference USA, New York, NY. All rights reserved.

Bibliography

Digital Texts Primary

Fiske, Fidelia. Recollections of Mary Lyon, with Selections from her Instructions to the Pupils in Mt. Holyoke Female Seminary.Boston: American Tract Society, 1866.

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Digital Texts Secondary

Fiske, D. T. The Cross and the Crown; or, Faith Working by Love: As Exemplified in the Life of Fidelia Fiske. Boston: Congregational Sabbath School and Pub. Society, 1868.

Gracey, Annie Ryder.Eminent Missionary Women. New York: Eaton and Mains, 1898. Pp. 23-37.

Fidelia Name

Laurie, Thomas. Woman and Her Saviour in Persia. Boston: Congregational Publishing Society, 1863.